Crowding-In and Crowding-Out. Studying the Relationship between Sustainable Citizenship and Political Activism in Flanders

This study examines whether pro-environmental behavior crowds-in (associates positively with) or crowds-out (displaces) political activism. research is part of a broader debate on the nature individual and it can be considered act. Studies generally show positive association between However, few have differentiated types behavior. In contrast, our uses Flemish survey data to examine relationship activism different modes behavior: sustainable transport, shopping decisions, energy curtailment, waste sorting. The results are consistent with previous studies. Political was related negatively associated curtailment. Results thus suggest that curtailment may displace action. conclusion, by differentiating various behavior, confirms but also nuances usefulness concepts such as citizenship. These notions often frame collective strategies address environmental issues. Our shows this exclude some forms ecologically significant